EN 
ES Dr. Arabella Michelén
Monday, May 27, 2024
The significant hormonal changes that women experience at different stages of life affect, among other areas of health, oral health. From puberty to post-menopause—including the menstrual period, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, pre-menopause, menopause, and post-menopause—these are marked periods that require special care to prevent complications in oral health, particularly periodontal health.
Hormonal changes predispose women to periodontopathies, which is why these conditions are more common in women than in men. It is important to emphasize predisposition, as other conditions must be present, such as poor oral hygiene, which allows the formation of bacterial plaque (biofilm) with the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. This irritates the gums and initiates the process of periodontal disease, ranging from simple gingivitis to generalized periodontitis.
It is important to know the general characteristics of healthy gums: pink–coral color, firm texture, and contouring the necks of the teeth. If any variations are present, such as changes in color, texture, contour, bleeding when brushing or spontaneously, purulent exudate, or bad breath, it is time to schedule an appointment with a periodontist.
These hormonal changes affect periodontal health by influencing the body’s response to the aggression of pathogenic microorganisms present in the biofilm, increasing the gums’ susceptibility to inflammation and periodontal damage.
It is common to hear from certain patients that in the days leading up to their menstrual period, their gums become inflamed and bleed during brushing, disappearing once those days pass.
Pregnancy gingival tumor, or pyogenic granuloma, is benign and generally appears between the third and ninth month of gestation. Its origin is related to hormonal imbalance. It is usually painless, presenting as a reddish lump, and is treated by a periodontist. In some cases, it may disappear on its own after childbirth; however, it can make hygiene more difficult and increase the likelihood of bad breath. When present, dental brushing must not be neglected, as this worsens the situation and complicates diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis. Pregnancy is not an impediment to receiving dental care; the important thing is to plan treatments in coordination with the obstetrician.
Uncontrolled periodontal diseases are closely related to premature births, which can result in a low-weight baby born before completing the full gestation period, with all the emotional implications for the parents and the associated risks to the newborn’s health.
This relationship between periodontopathies and premature birth occurs due to a decreased response of the body to inflammatory processes and the presence of a higher amount of bacteria in the bloodstream.
Another challenging stage for women is the periods associated with menopause. Among other changes experienced during this stage of life, symptoms such as hyposalivation and xerostomia—the complete absence of saliva in the mouth—are added. This makes eating and speaking difficult and, in some cases, predisposes the oral mucosa to lesions, cracks, and fissures, which can be very painful.
It is important to keep in mind that the three pillars of oral health are:
1- Proper oral hygiene, which includes brushing, flossing, and a mouthwash, as well as any other tools recommended by your dentist.
2- Balanced diet.
3- Regular visits to the dentist.
These play a crucial role in health and prevention, not only oral but also general. It should not be forgotten that genetics and the environment also play an important role. Knowing these factors and keeping your dentist informed of any changes is vital.
Significant hormonal changes are not an excuse for poor oral health; being informed is the best reason to take better care of ourselves and protect our health. It also allows us to enjoy a beautiful smile based on health and beauty.